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http://www.electricneutron.com/wire-cable/current-rating/

Thank you for the information

Main Circuit

Control Circuit





http://www.fastonline.org/CD3WD_40/CD3WD/ELECTRIC/GTZ021E/EN/B309_7.HTM

There are two types of maintenance strategy :

1. Corrective Maintenance

a. Breakdown
Equipment is maintained after breakdown. This maintenance strategy is the most expensive because production breakdown can makes your boss angry hahaha.... This strategy is good for cheap equipment e.g bulp lamp.

b. Detective
Inspections are conducted to check whether such equipment had failed, if it fails should be replace

2. Proactive Maintenance

a. Preventive
Equipment is maintained before break down occures

b. Predictive
Condition base monitoring

Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintenance,_repair,_and_operations

Usually maintenace was approximately 30-50 % of operational cost, depending on the type of industries and depends on how management views of a maintenance organization: cost centers, cost control or investment. If maintenance is considered as a cost center, usually made as small as possible with multiskilling mechanics. It's even better to understand the importance of maintenance positions in production, so dare to make an investment for the maintenace to keep production going.

There are five processes:

1. Planning
Planning is to ensure all the needs for maintenance work, ranging from taskcard, spares, tools, mechanical skills (electrical, mechanical, WELDER, etc.). The approximate time should be implemented.

2. Scheduling
Scheduling based on data from the planning, the scheduling should inform the operation when the execution of maintenance, and for how long. Then the request to spares and tools are needed. If necessary it must be reported to third-party services (contractors).

3. Execution
Execution is done by a mechanic who must be supervised.

4. Follow-up
Follow-up is defined as the act continued. If there are findings should be immediately incorporated into the system so that no time has elapsed, especially the needs of his spares. It is also necessary to include other data such as the use of spares, tools, man hour, skills into the system.

5. Analyze
Analyze should be done to make improvements, ranging from a simple thing like manhour whether in accordance with the planning, as well as spares and tools. Maybe there who do not need to be done or perhaps some need to be added. The most important is whether the results of such work in accordance with expectations, is there anything we can still improve, or can we just replace with another, more accurate techniques and so on. This phase is usually decided more than one period of implementation to determine whether we are on the right track.

Source : Migas milis

This post is not Paid to Review.

Electrical engineering blog (http://engineering.electrical-equipment.org/) is an experience launched by a group of enthusiast’s experts in the field of electrical and energy management(mainly according IEC standards). These passionate people want to share their current experience as well as their questions about the future within a blog in order to suggest reactions from others and to discover new concrete ideas. We believe that we can attract and involve the designers & the consultants whatever position they have : suppliers, customers, independent experts and institutions experts. Obviously it is an English speaking blog, so far we have many exchanges with Asia and Europe, all countries are more than welcome… The objective is the promotion of ideas, openness to all point of views; this is not a space to promote products and services. We started nearly 3 months ago and are proud to register a very important number of visits, (40,000 today) with many comments, some being of high quality. Today we have 9 categories of articles, including 5 in energy efficiency, a major topic for everybody but also 4 categories on more traditional issues such as electrical distribution, design software’s .... We also wish to bring teaching tips web (Web2.0) well known by young pro on the web and probably less known by some experienced people that will be the main contributors of this blog. We are open to trade links with other blogs, forums and sites under the condition they are of high quality and relevant. You can subscribe to the newsletter of the blog that is sent every month. To comment on an article, it is direct and easy without any priori validation. To post an article, simply contact (engineering@electrical-equipment.org) the moderator of the blog who is Francois B.

I have been making panel for over 2 weeks ago. It is consists of PLC, Pneumatic Terminal, and 3 phases Electrical wiring.
I hope it will be working good.

Copied from http://www.elec-toolbox.com/usefulinfo/lightprot.htm
Why You Need Lightning Protection:

Lightning protection systems have changed drastically since Benjamin Franklin first invented lighting rods in 1752. Today's systems must protect modern appliances, electrical systems and building constructions - they have to keep up with tile changing requirements of modern technology.

Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) keeps up with these changes. Our experience in the safety testing field has earned UL worldwide recognition and respect. jurisdictional authorities, government agencies, insurance representatives and consumers alike have looked for the UL Mark on products and systems for almost100 years. When you see the Mark, it means that the product or system on which it appears compares with UL's internationally recognized Standards for Safety.

In the lighting protection field, UL has been serving home and building owners since 1908. Today, UL has a large number of trained lighting protection field representatives located throughout tile United States. UL inspects sites ranging from cow barns to missile silos, front golf Course shelters to high-rise building systems. In fact, some of the most famous buildings in the world are protected by UL Master Labeled lightning protection systems, including the White House, the Sears Tower and the Washington Monument.



The Need for Lightning Protection:

Lightning can strike anywhere on earth - event the North and South Poles! In any U.S. geographical location, lightning storms occur as few as five times or as many as 100 times per year (see Fig. 1). -The Northeast United States has the most violent thunderstorms in the country because of the area's extremely high earth resistivity (see Fig. 2). High earth resistivity (the earth's resistance to conduct current) increases the potential of a lightning strike. If struck, structures in these areas will generally sustain more damage when there is no lightning protection system present.

Each year, thousands of homes and other properties are damaged or destroyed by lightning. It accounts for more than a quarter billion dollars in property damage annually in the United States. Lightning is responsible for more deaths and property loss than tornadoes, hurricanes and floods combined, but of these violent forces of nature, lightning is the only one we call economically afford to protect ourselves against.

Some properties have a higher risk of lightning damage. When considering installation of a lightning protection system, you may want to assess this risk. A risk assessment guide for determining lightning loss for all types of structures can be found in Appendix I of the National Fire Protection Association's Lightning Protection Code, NFPA 780. This guide takes into consideration the type of structure, type of construction, structure location, topography, occupancy, contents and lightning frequency. Information may be obtained from tile NFPA, I Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269, (800) 344-3555.





How a Lightning Protection System Works:

Lightning is the visible discharge of static electricity within a cloud, between clouds, or between tile earth and a cloud. Scientists still do not fully understand what causes lightning, but most experts believe that different kinds of ice interact in a cloud. Updrafts in the clouds separate charges so that positive charges moves end up at the top of the cloud while negative flow to the bottom. When the negative charge moves down, a "pilot leader" forms. 'This leader rushes toward the earth in 150-foot discrete steps, ionizing a path in the air. 'The final breakdown generally occurs to a high object the major part of the lightning discharge current is then carried in the return stroke which flows along the ionized path.

A lighting protection system provides a means by which this discharge may enter or leave earth without passing through and damaging non-conducting parts of a structure, such as those made of wood, brick, tile of- concrete. A lightning protection system does not prevent lightning from striking; it provides a means for controlling it and preventing damage by providing a low resistance path for the discharge of lightning energy.

FIG. 3 Lightning protection system for a dwelling: 1) air terminals spaced 20 feet apart along ridges and within two feet of ridge ends; 2) down conductors; 3) minimum of two groundings at least 10-feet deep; 4) roof projections such as weather vanes connected to system; 5) air terminal located within two feet of outside corners of chimney; 6) dormers protected; 7) antenna mast connected to roof conductor:- 8) connect gutters or other grounded metals as required; 9) surge arrester installed at service panel to protect appliances; 10) transient voltage surge suppressors installed in receptacles to which computers and other electronic equipment are connected.

FIG. 4 Lightning protection system commercial/industrial installation 1) air terminals spaced 20 feet apart around the perimeter of the building; 2) down conductors; 3) ground rods at least 10-feet deep; 4) art handling units bonded to system (may be in need of air terminals mounted on unit); 5) air terminals mounted within two feet of outside corner; 6) mid-roof conductor and air terminals at maximum 50-foot spacing; 7) grounded metal bodies bonded into system; 8) surge arresters installed at main electrical panels; 9) transient voltage surge suppressors installed in receptacles to protect computers and other office equipment.



UL's Role in Lightning Protection:

UL's Master Label Program for lightning protection involves periodic factory testing and inspection of system Components, along with field inspection components of completed installations. The program requires that all installers comply with UL’s internationally recognized Standards for lightning protection components and systems. UL,’s field representatives countercheck compliance with these Standards.

As a home or building owner, you should make sure that your installed system complies with the UL requirements. Here’s how:

Make certain that your installer is listed by UL and that a Master Label application is submitted to UL for your installation.When You request a Master Label for your system, your installer will ask you to sign the owner’s statement on the Master Label application form. The fourth (yellow) copy of the application is for your records. This should be done before the installer submits the Master Label application to UL for issuance of the Label. Make sure you receive the Master Label from the installer and place it on the protected structure as requested.

Buildings that are changed structurally or provided with additions can be re-examined under UL’s Reconditioned Lightning Protection Program. Under this program, the entire system must comply with the current UL Standards.



How You Can Protect Your Building:

1. Install a UL Master Label Lightning Protection System that complies with current nationally recognized codes. Lightning protection systems consist of air terminals (lightning rods) and associated fittings connected by heavy cables to grounding equipment, providing a path for lightning current to travel safely to ground.

2. Install UL Listed surge arresters at your service and telephone equipment to prevent surges from entering the home or other buildings oil power or telephone lines. Surges are diverted to ground, and both wiring and appliances are protected.

3. Install UL Listed transient voltage surge suppressors in receptacles to which computers and other electronic equipment are connected in order to limit the voltage to 11/2 times the normal (maximum for solid state devices).

4. Look for the UL Mark. Remember, your lightning protection system may be installed using UL,'s requirements, but the system is not a Master Label system unless installed by one of UL's Listed installers and a Master Label has been sent to you. Always "Look for the Master Label" on your lightning protection installation.